{"id":2,"date":"2022-06-07T09:01:56","date_gmt":"2022-06-07T09:01:56","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/benricketts.com\/?page_id=2"},"modified":"2026-01-12T10:23:08","modified_gmt":"2026-01-12T09:23:08","slug":"sample-page","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/benricketts.com\/?page_id=2","title":{"rendered":"Mapping the X-ray Variability Curves of GRS 1915+105 with machine learning"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>I wrote my master&#8217;s thesis on the X-ray Binary black hole system GRS 1915+105. GRS 1915 is a really interesting source due to its extremely unique and high volume of variability patterns. Previous work has attempted to categorize the behavior we observe into what we call &#8220;classes&#8221;. The work I undertook in my thesis aimed to use machine learning to either find new &#8220;intrinsic&#8221; classes of behavior defined by a computer, confirm the classes of behavior that we had already defined or attempt to merge some of the defined classes together as mere variants of one another. You can read my thesis below.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><object class=\"wp-block-file__embed\" data=\"https:\/\/benricketts.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Thesis.pdf\" type=\"application\/pdf\" style=\"width:100%;height:600px\" aria-label=\"Embed of Thesis.\"><\/object><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-4bf1cad6-9563-4ae9-b84e-67eacd4870fb\" href=\"https:\/\/benricketts.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Thesis.pdf\">Thesis<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/benricketts.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Thesis.pdf\" class=\"wp-block-file__button wp-element-button\" download aria-describedby=\"wp-block-file--media-4bf1cad6-9563-4ae9-b84e-67eacd4870fb\">Download<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2>View the interactive projection yourself<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>I created a machine learning network called an auto-encoder which was able to autonomously relate together the similarities of sections of observations together. This resulted in a graph of points that we can use to look at the intrinsic similarities of behavior of GRS 1915. If you want to see the interactive projection I made, you will need to download the files from the GitHub repository below. The .pkl files contain the direct data required to generate the projection (as well as provides urls for images that appear in tool tips). The app.py runs a Plotly dashboard locally to actually plot the projection. Download the files, keeping them in the same folder. Simply run app.py in your IDE of choice or in the command line and it will run the program on your local host which can be accessed in your browser with http:\/\/127.0.0.1:8050\/. You will likely need to pip install dash and also make sure that your version of pandas is later than 1.4.1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-rich is-provider-embed wp-block-embed-embed\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<div class=\"github-embed github-embed-repository github-logo-mark\">    <p>        <a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/bjricketts\/grs1915-auto-encoder\" target=\"_blank\">\t\t\t<strong>\t\t\t\tMapping the X-ray Varaibility patterns of the X-ray Black hole binary system GRS 1915+105, projection code\t\t\t<\/strong>\t\t<\/a>\t\t<br>        <a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/bjricketts\/grs1915-auto-encoder\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/github.com\/bjricketts\/grs1915-auto-encoder<\/a><br>        <a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/bjricketts\/grs1915-auto-encoder\/network\" target=\"_blank\">0<\/a> forks.<br>        <a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/bjricketts\/grs1915-auto-encoder\/stargazers\" target=\"_blank\">1<\/a> stars.<br>        <a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/bjricketts\/grs1915-auto-encoder\/issues\" target=\"_blank\">0<\/a> open issues.<br>        <details open>            <summary>Recent commits:<\/summary>            <ul class=\"github_commits\">                                    <li class=\"github_commit\">                        <a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/bjricketts\/grs1915-auto-encoder\/commit\/d8c257a5865cdfadb8736b4dfccc0c6af5919a87\" target=\"_blank\">Update README.md<\/a>, GitHub                    <\/li>                                    <li class=\"github_commit\">                        <a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/bjricketts\/grs1915-auto-encoder\/commit\/2dd1d5eae1b99a174c072a79f081a5ca601cc2fb\" target=\"_blank\">Update README.md<\/a>, GitHub                    <\/li>                                    <li class=\"github_commit\">                        <a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/bjricketts\/grs1915-auto-encoder\/commit\/cbc2b915aa8c5c67254abac24e5a97c5480159c8\" target=\"_blank\">Final release versionIncludes results from 2048 second time scale as well as a series of secondary analyses with restricted feature numbers.<\/a>, GitHub                    <\/li>                                    <li class=\"github_commit\">                        <a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/bjricketts\/grs1915-auto-encoder\/commit\/11ce596743a81a4bc865a1f038489c4829a6afd1\" target=\"_blank\">Update README.mdUpdated README to incorporate recent changes<\/a>, GitHub                    <\/li>                                    <li class=\"github_commit\">                        <a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/bjricketts\/grs1915-auto-encoder\/commit\/55aa5891df24f9f7e100cc7d9309f61c892fc519\" target=\"_blank\">Add files via uploadUpdated version of the projection now allows for switching between 256 second long segment UMAP and 1024 second long segment UMAP without editing app.py. Also updated to allow for viewing the projections in 4 new ways:Plotting all data segments including observations with non-definite class labels.Segment points colored by loss values &#8211; 1 view for each channel of information: intensity, HR1 and HR2.An error in preparation of segments was also resolved such that the UMAP now includes around 65000 points (segments) instead of the previous ~43000 segments.<\/a>, GitHub                    <\/li>                            <\/ul>        <\/details>    <\/p><\/div>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>The projection in the GitHub repository is more up to date than the version in my thesis &#8211; it has a few ease of use changes as well as incorporating a second projection that considers timescales of 1024 seconds rather than just the 256 seconds in my thesis.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>I wrote my master&#8217;s thesis on the X-ray Binary black hole system GRS 1915+105. GRS 1915 is a really interesting source due to its extremely unique and high volume of variability patterns. Previous work has attempted to categorize the behavior we observe into what we call &#8220;classes&#8221;. The work I undertook in my thesis aimed &hellip;<\/p>\n<p class=\"read-more\"> <a class=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/benricketts.com\/?page_id=2\"> <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Mapping the X-ray Variability Curves of GRS 1915+105 with machine learning<\/span> Read More &raquo;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":1245,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","template":"","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/benricketts.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/benricketts.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/benricketts.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/benricketts.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/benricketts.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2"}],"version-history":[{"count":12,"href":"https:\/\/benricketts.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1271,"href":"https:\/\/benricketts.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2\/revisions\/1271"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/benricketts.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1245"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/benricketts.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}